Гареева И.А.

The article presents an analysis of the current situation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The experience of pandemic is analyzed from sociological perspective in assessments and attitudes, behavioral models, and public opinion about social phenomena and processes in a COVID-19 situation. In the theoretical and methodological terms, the author relies on the theory of social change by P. Shtompka, theoretical concept of “community of fate” by M. Weber and social theory in the global environment Sklair (2013). In the empirical aspect, the author resorts to the analysis of data from sociological polls of public opinion. The article uses the results of sociological research at the all-Russian level. The article analyzes a number of interrelated aspects of pandemic situation, such as: pandemic as epidemiological phenomenon associated with the emergence and spread of a new coronavirus; as a medical phenomenon associated with the medical and anti-epidemic measures to combat coronavirus; as a socio-political phenomenon associated with the decisions and measures of the authorities at all levels; as a socio-economic phenomenon caused by changes in behavior, attitudes, life scenarios of the population and associated with the restrictive measures that caused the recession of both national and world economies; as a cultural phenomenon, the essence of which is to change every day, customary practices and the emergence of new ones that were previously absent or not in demand; - as an existential phenomenon - the acquisition of mass experience associated with the disease and its consequences, worries about loved ones, the experience of loss. The goal is, on the basis of comprehensive analysis, to identify the main social trends in the development of public relations in the context of pandemic and existing restrictive measures, to identify negative factors acting as destabilizing ones. The research objectives included the following: describe the contours of social changes occurring under the influence of the pandemic; analyze the reaction of citizens to the situation of pandemic, as well as to the anti-epidemic measures taken by the governments; investigate the problem of influence of spread of the virus on the social structure of the society. It is concluded that the modern COVID situation, which has already been called the «black swan», is a difficultly predictable phenomenon. The ongoing social changes are obvious, and the adaptation process is developing unevenly. An analysis of sociological surveys conducted among the population shows that there is a tendency towards the normalization of everyday life, however, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, a new social reality is being formed, for which humanity is not yet ready.

This work studies the relationship between behavioral strategies in relation to health and its objective state among the students of medical specialties in the light of current sociological ideas about the models of health-saving behavior. The empirical part of the study was conducted on the basis of the Far-Eastern Federal and Pacific State Medical University using questionnaires and analysis of medical documentation. There were 827 medical students of both sexes. It was found that students generally assess the compliance of their behavioral stereotypes of the health-saving model with 2.7 points, while determining behavioral strategies as a role model they take the behavior of friends and the university professors. In the process of work, a high level of students' chronic morbidity was confirmed however, according to the data obtained, only a few behavioral stereotypes correlate with the average morbidity level: a habit of good nutrition, commitment to the basic hygiene rules, adherence to sleep and wakefulness. The analysis made it possible to suggest that the process of learning new social practices and the formation of behavioral strategies in relation to health and health protection among the students of medical directions is accompanied by a high level of imitation by significant others, which confirms the important role of copying behavioral by an individual installations in the process of adaptation to the new environmental conditions. At the same time, the authors do not find convincing evidence of the priority of planned behavior, the subjective expected utility, the motivation for protection, which may be due to the weak propensity for introspection and self-esteem among the young respondents studying at the medical universities. According to the authors, the obtained data also allow us draw a preliminary conclusion that the structural-functional approach is effective in studying and interpreting the functional relationships between the students' behavioral relations and environmental institutional factors.

В статье авторы предлагают новое видение методологических и процедурных процессов социологического измерения категории «социальное самочувствие», а также ее использование в составе субъективных измерительных систем как субъективного показателя в составе определения интегральных значений различных измерительных моделей жизнеобеспечения населения, в том числе и в составе технологии оценки качества жизни населения. Предлагаемая авторская система содержательной и технологической стороны оценочных процедур ориентирована на наличие минимальных исследовательских ресурсов и ограниченного доступа к существующим статистическим системам. Авторами предлагается критическая оценка используемых в настоящее время стандартных методов, основанных в основном на анализе экономической эффективности как составляющей социального благополучия. В настоящее время назрела необходимость в поиске новых индикаторов оценки благополучия населения, выходящих за рамки материального подхода, в основе которых лежит интеграция экономических и социологических методов. На сегодняшний день данная ситуация признана на мировом уровне. Международные организации предлагают включать оценку социального самочувствия в дополнение к традиционным методам оценки благополучия населения. ; Ключевые слова: благополучие, социальное самочувствие, ресурсы, экономические показатели, развитие.

he article describes the earlier scientific and modern, incl. applied approaches to the presentation of social and environmental values by young people. A number of methods for studying the values of young people and an analysis of their current ideas about the possibilities of implementing a healthy lifestyle in Russia within the framework of the Strategy for the Formation of Russia are proposed. Conceptual material about the essence, role and value of values for promoting the health and longevity of young people is given. According to the results of the research, the authors’ recommendations are proposed on the development of the state strategy for the formation of a healthy lifestyle for young people and the existing system of socio-ecological health values, and those targeted concepts of the state methodological and discussion models of their motivation in Russia. The authors of the article propose, through the social and ecological values, to optimize the state approaches conducted by the Government of Russia to form a healthy lifestyle for young people in order to increase the life expectancy of the population. The article proposes to use the value categories of young people as an opportunity in the near future to realize, above all, the role of social and ecological values for inculcating a healthy lifestyle to the population.

The article discusses the possible model of social development, in particular the health system. The factors that may hinder or facilitate the development of this mode are identified. The mechanisms of social policy in health care are analyzed. The current state of social spheres of public life, reinforces the need for the development of social mechanisms to reduce the social tensions, protect people from the negative consequences of social change. Among them – the rationalization and implementation of social policy, which should provide some social priorities, create a system of medical and social protection of the population, to identify the groups which need help, and to develop mechanisms for the implementation of targeted social assistance in the consumption of health services. Lack of proper accounting of real needs, saving of equalization entail not only to the overestimated level of taxation, inefficient spending on, but the ineffectiveness of the health system itself, as it unfairly spreads over a huge number of its consumers are not always in urgent need of medical services, but having the ability to get them. In this situation, the system of regional selective organization of medical services is a condition of survival and self-preservation of the society.

The article examines the stages of development of the Russian health care. The features of providing medical services at a certain stage of development are analyzed. The criteria of availability and equity in the health system are characterized. Social aspects of the health care system of the Khabarovsk Territory are considered.

The paper examines the strategies of subjects of the health system, behavioral trajectory. The factors causing the behavioral strategies of care providers are analyzed. The analysis of health service availability under the conditions of social differentiation is offered in the article. The factors restricting the excess are defined.

High inequality level in distributing chances for health between different groups and social classes characterizes the modern health care system in Russia. Despite the formal rules of medical services provision, the excess to Russia health service is considerably restricted. The analysis of the health service availability in a climate of social differentiation is offered in the article. The factors restricting the excess are defined.

В статье рассмотрены системы охраны здоровья, их основные системообразующие признаки, свойства характерные для этих систем, уточнен смысл всей совокупности определений и понятий. Системный подход, используемый в исследовании, позволил рассмотреть системы охраны здоровья как нечто целое. Комплексно изучена система здравоохранения, ее функции, структура, иерархия, выявлено многообразие связей в ней, изучены механизмы управления.