Bardal Anna B.

The article examines priority areas for transport development in the Far East in the medium and long term. The objective of the study is to present the author's logic for formulating strategic directions for transport development in the macro-region and to propose additions to the transport section of the draft Strategy for Socio-economic Development of the Far-Eastern Federal District until 2030 with a forecast until 2036. It is shown that the general logic for identifying priorities for the long-term transport development should take into account: 1) characteristics of the economic space (fragmentation, differentiation in the level of economic development and the scale of economic activity), 2) specifics of transport services for the production and social spheres. The author substantiates allocation of the southern and northern transport zones within the Far-Eastern Federal District, differing in the scale of economic activity, concentration of the settlement system elements, provision of transport infrastructure, the established sectoral structure of economy, and the tasks performed by transport (national and local). For the two identified zones, key areas of strategic transport development are presented in servicing the subjects of production and economic processes (freight transportation) and the social sphere (passenger transportation). Obtained results can be used to supplement the draft Strategy for the Socio-economic Development of the Far-Eastern Federal District until 2030 with a forecast until 2036.

The article considers the use of labor resources in the transport system of the Far Eastern Federal District. Under the conditions of the “turn to the East” policy and geopolitical changes of recent years, there is a reorientation of Russia's foreign trade cargo fl from the European direction to Asian countries (primarily China). It determines the increasing importance of transport in the eastern regions. The paper aims at analyzing the dynamics of labor resources usage, representing one of the key factors in transport functioning. Based on the data of offi statistics for 2017-2023, the study shows the contradiction between the dynamics of employment and the volume of work of the FEFD transport. It also underlines that the emerging multidirectional trends (decrease in the number of labor resources with the growth of transport work) form risks for transport system stable functioning. The thesis is confi by the calculation of the structure similarity index (Salai index) for transport employment in the Far Eastern Federal District against the background of all-Russian indicators. The value of the index for the macro-region (0.063) shows an extremely low level of differences, which means that the dynamics of the structure of transport employment in the macro-region and the all-Russian structure are in high agreement. The fact is not positive considering the high importance of the macro-region's transport in the national transportation system at present. Ensuring stable operation of transport in the Far Eastern Federal District requires not only the development of infrastructure (which is being actively implemented nowadays), but also the solution of problems in the labor market. Further negative trends of personnel defi in transportation may become a key limiting factor for the economy of both the macro-region and the Russian Federation as a whole. The obtained conclusions and estimates are to justify managerial decisions regarding the problem of personnel formation in the transport system of the Far Eastern Federal District.

Changes in the geopolitical conditions of the Russian Federation since 2013 have affected the country's foreign economic policy. The announced ‘turn to the East’ led to an increase in the volume of work of the FEFD (Far Eastern Federal District) transport complex, which acts as a natural bridge to the Asia-Pacifi region. The main factors behind the increase in demand were: reorientation of foreign trade cargo fl towards Asian countries with reduced interaction with the EU; building more complex logistics schemes for imports using third countries after the start of a special military operation; changes in the transport market due to the departure of major sea operators; changes in the terms of international marine insurance when working with Russia; restriction of international road and rail traffi in the western direction. The increasing role of transport in the eastern regions of the country, the defi of infrastructure capacity formed on the basis of the background of demand growth stimulates the attention of the state and leads to an increase in the scale of applied measures to regulate transport processes. The aim of the paper is to present approaches to assessing the impact of state regulation measures on the features of the transport complex of the Far Eastern Federal District in 2013-2023 and to carry out an experimental calculation. We assessed the impact of the regional component on the dynamics of key indicators of the FEFD transport complex using the method of structural shifts with decomposition. The regional component shows the comparative deviation of the FEFD transport complex dynamics from the national one, which is formed, among other things, under the infl of government regulation. The impact of the measures taken by the state on investment is shown (the dynamics of the indicator is 85% formed by the regional component, while the contribution of the national component was 37,3%, and the industry component had a negative impact of minus 22,7%). The positive impact of government measures on the dynamics of fi assets and employment in the period under consideration is presented. The obtained estimates confi the signifi of the impact of transport development efforts on the macro-regional complex and can be used for analytical substantiation of public policy measures.

The article studies the methods of state stimulation of transport development at the present stage. Under the conditions of the «Turn to the East» and geopolitical changes occurring since 2022, Russia's foreign trade fl are being reoriented from European to southern and eastern directions. This has increased the workload of the Far East transportation complex, which provides Russia's access to the markets of Asia-Pacifi Region countries (primarily PRC). The increasing scale of cargo fl revealed imbalances in the operation of transportation and aggravated the issue of infrastructure development. The state has developed a system of measures to stimulate the development of transportation. The article suggests their grouping based on the object of infl market segment and form of regulation. It has shown that the state uses various mechanisms to stimulate private investment in infrastructure development: public-private partnership (PPP), infrastructure bonds, budget loans, etc. The article presents the application of public-private partnerships (PPP) in the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) in the fi of transport: 16 projects are being implemented, the total investment capacity of which amounts to 223.0 billion rubles. The analysis of the project structure allowed to identify their peculiarities. PPPs are used to implement projects signifi for the integrated development of transport in the macro-region, characterized by a signifi investment capacity and a long payback period. Examples of such projects are the construction of the cross-border road bridge Blagoveshchensk (RF) - Heihe (PRC), modernization of the international airport «Khabarovsk» (New) named after G. I. Nevelskoy. In general, when implementing PPP projects in the field of transportation, the key role remains with the state, which degree of participation is increasing due to a number of factors: 1) increase in the number of projects in which public sector companies (established by government agencies or development corporations) act as concessionaire; 2) expansion of support mechanisms applied.

The resource industries are traditionally the basis of the Far-Eastern economy. Their functioning and development largely depends on transport. The subject of this article is study of the processes of transport service of the macro-region resource segment at the present stage. The purpose of the work is to analyze the key changes in the transport provision of the resource sector during 2022. There are two segments of transport services that differ in scale: at the level of individual companies and at the level of the macro-region as a whole. At the micro level of companies, transport processes are determined by the type of extracted resource (wood, ore, etc.), the scheme of production processes, and the confi of the system of relations with suppliers and customers. The article considers the transport support of one of the largest companies in the resource sector operating in the Far East - AC Alrosa (PJSC). The features of transport support for the supply of material and technical resources, the production and marketing process for this company are shown. At the level of the macro-region, relatively “traditional” and new problems of transport services for resource industries can be distinguished. The former include ensuring the availability of deposits that are promising for economic development and the shortage of carrying capacity of the infrastructure in the east of the country. New transport services problems are formed under the infl of geopolitical conditions in 2022. These include: a change in the direction of Russia's foreign trade fl the intensifi competition of shippers for the infrastructure of the transport complex of the Far-Eastern federal district; changing institutional conditions in railway transport; an increase in freight rates. The dynamics of parameters of interaction between the transport and resource industries affects the basis of economic system of the Far East. The ongoing geopolitical changes increase the degree of uncertainty in the conditions of national economy. It is necessary to evaluate carefully consequences of the decisions made, including changes in the transport tariffs.

The subject of the article is the relationship between the parameters of the regional socio-economic system and the transport complex. Transport is a: 1) independent branch of the economy, 2) element of the regional infrastructure, providing conditions for functioning of the other branches of material production and the social sphere. The purpose of this article is to present methodological approaches to the study of needs of the regional socio-economic system in the transport services and to conduct experimental needs assessment on the example of the Khabarovsk territory. Methodology is presented as a set of sequential stages, including the analysis of features of the regional economy and transport, study of the relationship of their parameters. The structure of the economy and key indicators of the transport complex of the Khabarovsk territory are considered. Experimental assessment of the demand for freight transportation from the socio-economic system of the region using methods of econometric analysis was carried out. Models of simple linear regression vector and auto-regression vector are tested. The data on the volume of cargo transportation and cargo turnover for the period 1995–2019, as well as the index of industrial production and gross regional product were used. It is determined that linear regression does not allow obtaining meaningful and correct estimates. The vector auto-regression model shows a significant relationship between the indicators of the economy and the volume of rail transport, the general indicator of transportation, as well as cargo turnover by road (with a lag of one period), no significant connection with the road transport was found. The results obtained can become the basis for assessing the future needs for transport services, based on the future parameters of the economic development of the region. This will allow for timely and adequate development of transport infrastructure without turning it into a limitation of economic growth. In the future, it is necessary to detail the analysis by studying the relationship of need for transport services with the parameters of the functioning of individual sectors of the socio-economic system of the region.

The economic security and sustainable development of the Far-Eastern economy are the key strategic parameters for the development. Most of the administrative subjects of the Russian Far East belong to the resource-type regions. The structure of their economy is dominated by sectors exploiting natural resources. This fact determines the importance of the resource factor. The significance of the transport factor is due to the significant area of the region and its remoteness from key sales markets. The Asian region is currently one of the most rapidly developing parts of the global economic system. The geographical proximity of the Russian Far East to еру the key Asian countries create the prerequisites for economic cooperation and integration. First of all, cooperation with China is developing. Resource and transport factors are important during the process of cooperation and integration with the Asia-Pacific Дальний Восток: новые стратегии и модели развития region. In the article the impact of the resource and transport factors on the Far-Eastern economic security and sustainability development in the context of the region’s integration in the Asia-Pacific region is considered. On the example of the forest, agricultural resources and transport capabilities of the Far East use the potential problems for the economic security of the region are analyzed. The international trade, investment and transit interactions in these sectors are considered. Barriers to the integration of the Far East in the Asia-Pacific region from the point of view of the resource and transport factors are described.

Встатье представлены результаты работы по изучению доступности транспортных услуг для населения Дальнего Востока России. Оценки доступности транспорта, полученные ранее на основе данных официальной статистики, были дополнены информацией социологического опроса потребителей транспортных услуг в Хабаровском крае. Это позволило сформировать более полную картину проблем, складывающихся в части доступности транспортных услуг для населения Дальнего Востока. При этом основными задачами проведенной работы были: изучение динамики масштабов и факторов использования населением различных видов транспорта; оценка уровня комфортности транспортных услуг; оценка экономической доступности транспорта (в разрезе отдельных его видов); выделение проблемных вопросов функционирования пассажирского транспорта. Для сбора первичной информации был проведен индивидуальный очный анкетный опрос населения в основных транспортных узлах г. Хабаровска по расчетной выборочной совокупности (репрезентативная выборка с доверительным интервалом 5%, получено 600 анкет). В статье рассматривается полученный результат по одному из направлений проведенного исследования – анализу ценовой доступности транспортных услуг для населения (в абсолютной форме и в соотношении с доходами опрашиваемых). Результаты опроса показали, что высокие тарифы воздушного транспорта приводят к существенному ограничению его доступности не только для групп населения с невысоким ежемесячным доходом (до 13 тыс. руб.), но и для лиц со средним уровнем дохода. Для железнодорожного транспорта высокая цена отмечена 10,3% респондентов; для междугородного автобуса – 7,3%; для речного транспорта высокую цену отметили лишь 0,3% опрошенных. Полученные результаты подтверждают тот факт, что мобильность населения Дальнего Востока в настоящее время ограничена в силу низкой экономической доступности транспортных услуг, прежде всего авиасообщения. ; Ключевые слова: Дальний Восток России, транспортный комплекс, транспортное обслуживание населения, доступность транспортных услуг, анкетирование

Активизация внешнеэкономических взаимодействий, формирование международных систем транспортного сообщения, расширение туристического обмена предъявляют высокие требования к совершенствованию приграничной транспортной инфраструктуры, в т. ч. созданию адекватной сети пунктов пропуска через государственную границу Российской Федерации (далее – РФ). В рамках статьи рассматривается система пунктов пропуска через государственную границу как важный элемент международных взаимодействий. Представлены относительные оценки действующей системы пунктов пропуска в разрезе федеральных округов РФ. Рассчитаны показатели плотности установленных и действующих пунктов относительно масштабов экономической деятельности, плотности населения и протяженности государственной границы. Дальний Восток занимает в транспортной системе Российской Федерации уникальное географическое положение: являясь приграничной территорией, он выступает естественной зоной взаимодействия с крупнейшими странами Азиатского-Тихоокеанского региона (далее – АТР) и прежде всего с активно развивающейся Китайской Народной Республикой (далее – КНР). По его территории пролегают транзитные торговые и туристические пути между Европой и Северо-Восточной Азией, а также между странами Северо-Восточной Азии и Северной Америкой. Более подробно проанализирован масштаб внешней торговли субъектов Дальневосточного федерального округа (далее – ДФО) и КНР, изменение транспортных взаимодействий между странами в части автомобильного, железнодорожного, воздушного транспорта. Рассмотрена система пунктов пропуска на Дальнем Востоке России. В результате сделан вывод о том, что действующая в настоящее время на Дальнем Востоке система пунктов пропуска через государственную границу не соответствует масштабам экономических взаимодействий Российской Федерации с КНР на современном этапе и требует совершенствования. ; Ключевые слова:пункты пропуска через государственную границу, транспортная инфраструктура, российский Дальний Восток, международные взаимодействия, КНР.

В статье рассмотрено изменение параметров физической и экономической доступности транспортных услуг для населения Дальнего Востока России. К характеристикам физической до-ступности отнесено изменение конфигурации транспортных се-тей по видам транспорта, изменение маршрутной сети и т. д. Оценка экономической доступности рассматривает относитель-ные изменения покупательной способности среднедушевых доходов населения относительно динамики усредненных транспортных тарифов на воздушные перевозки экономическим классом, железнодорожный транспорт дальнего следования и пригородный и т. д. На основе предлагаемого подхода автором сделаны расчеты и представлены полученные оценки динамики отдельных показателей доступности транспортных услуг, дана их интерпретация. ; Ключевые слова: транспортные услуги, доступность транспор-та, Дальний Восток, экономическая доступность, транспортная инфраструктура.

In the article the main concepts of transport complex development of the Russian Far East in the long term are considered (the period till 2030). These concepts are formed on the basis of officially approved documents of industry and macroeconomic trends. Three possible scenarios are allocated: I – minimum (basic), II – maximum (innovative), III – corrected. According to the author the most real development of transport complex of the region is the III scenario. This concept is created taking into account the projects that are already being realized in the field of transport and the corrected prospects. The scenario III is the most truncated concerning a set of projects and their parameters. In fact this concept fixes the only direction of development of the region transport system – to the service raw materials export from Siberia and the Far East to the countries of NEA. Realization of this concept of development contains a number of risks for the long-term development of transport and the region as a whole.

In the article the main directions of development and parameters of long-term forecasts of the transport in the foreign countries are considered. These parameters are serving as a mark to form the development vector of the Russian Far East’s transportation complex which is in the rigid competitive environment of the transportation in the Northeast Asia countries (NEA) and having the opportunity to integrate into the market of the international transportation services of the Northeast Asia region. The forecasts of transport development for the period up to 2050 are based on ideas that no essential changes will happen to vehicles types (planes, automobiles, ships, trains). Thus the parameters of efficiency, technological effectiveness, environmental friendliness and safety will increase due to transition to new technological way. A special accent in the transport development will be pointed to the creation of intellectual transport systems uniting all means of transport within a common information area, integrated analytical information systems supporting managing processes of the transport development.

Theoretical approaches and practical conditions of the competition between the types of the Russian Far East transport are considered in article. The competitiveness assessment methods between the types of transport at the enterprise and regional levels are given.

The article analyzes the changes in the conditions that formed outside the transportation industry of the Khabarovsk Territory and influenced its functioning during 2007 – 2010. The dynamics of basic parameters of the regional transport industry as a whole, as well as in terms of the key transportation models under the crisis affection is studied.