Аверина О. Р

Данная статья посвящена истории и современному состоянию протестантизма на Дальнем Востоке России. В 2017 г. протестантское сообщество отмечает 500 лет с начала Реформации. В статье подчеркивается, что протестантизм в России был, с одной стороны, религией иностранного происхождения, а с другой – в России параллельно возникали религиозные движения, сходные с западным протестантизмом. Приведены данные о месте протестантизма в конфессиональной картине Дальневосточного федерального округа (далее – ДФО), сделаны некоторые выводы относительно религиозной жизни в субъектах ДФО. Изложены особенности протестантского вероучения и культа. Уделяется внимание социальной позиции протестантских церквей, нравственному облику протестантов, их социально значимой деятельности. Также обозначены проблемы нарушения прав граждан на свободу совести и свободу вероисповедания, высказываются идеи о необходимости религиоведческого образования и просвещения представителей власти. ; Ключевые слова: религия, протестантизм, свобода совести и свобода вероисповедания.

This article is devoted to the history and the current state of Protestantism in the Far East of Russia. In 2017 the Protestant community celebrates 500 years since the be-ginning of the Reformation. In the article it is emphasized that the Protestantism in Russia was, on the one hand, religion of a foreign origin, and with another – in Russia in parallel there were religious movements similar to the western Protestantism. Data on the place of Protestantism are provided in a confessional picture of the Far-Eastern federal district, some conclusions of rather religious life in the subjects of FEFD are drawn. Features of Protestant dogma and a cult are stated. Attention is paid to a social position of Protestant churches, moral shape of Protestants, their so-cially important activity. Problems of violation of the rights of citizens for the freedom of worship are given, the ideas express the need of theological education and education of the authorities.

The article presents sociological and culturological analysis of the extremist symbolism spread by the Slavonic neopaganism, whose representatives use swastika symbols in their editions and on Internet sites. It is shown that the pseudo-Slavic ideology, under the pretexts of protecting ancient Slavonic roots, traditions and rituals, imposes on the Russians, first of all young people, the misanthropic ideas of Nazism, their acceptability and admissibility in the modern conditions. Based on the results of research it is shown that the extremist symbolism, replicated in the Internet space, represents a real threat to the socialization of young people and requires resolute opposition from the state and society.

In the article the changes and amendments concerning the regulation of activity’s religious units are analyzed. Most essential amendments were done during 2013 – 2013’s. It was clarified the civil status of religious organizations and conditions of religious units’ activity. In particular, in the accordance with the law, religious groups should inform about the beginning of their activity to an authority empowered to take a decision on the state registration; it was introduced the concept «missionary activity» and were indicated conditions its implementation, etc. Authors of the article show that on the one hand there is some liberalization of the law about freedom of con-science and freedom of religion (for example, there is an amendment that teach of religion isn’t an educational activity, specification of what aspects of the religious organizations’ activities are defined by their internal rules), strengthening counter to extremism. On the other hand, there is a tighter control over the religious activity of people and a significant limitation of their constitutional right to the freedom of conscience and freedom of religion.

«The sacred» is understood as a property of objects of reality, events, which are unusual and differ greatly from ordinary things. «Sacred space» and «sacred time period» are considered in the article. The author shows that religious and secular shrines are combined together in a sacred space, manifesting the continuity of traditions. Such properties of sacred time as «something opposed to profane», «inhomogeneity», «heterogeneity» are analyzes in the article. It is shown that sanctification is a process when various phenomena, events, objects of reality become sacred, holy through rituals, through strict order procedure. The article also deals with the objects, events and rituals connected with the memory of the Great patriotic war and touches the problems of patriotic education of the young.

Статья посвящена проблемам судебной религиоведческой экспертизы. Отмечается, что на настоящий момент религиоведческая экспертиза не значится в ведомственном перечне государственных судебных экспертиз и не имеет строго разработанной методики. Статус эксперта-религиоведа не определен, нет процедуры сертифицирования, не сформулированы квалификационные требования. В статье дается характеристика таких видов деятельности, выполняемых религиоведами по запросу правоохранительных органов или по постановлению суда, как производство экспертиз и экспертных исследований. Излагаются общие задачи судебной религиоведческой экспертизы и ставится проблема корректности вопросов, которые выносятся на рассмотрение эксперта. В общей постановке рассматриваются требования к методике проведения религиоведческих исследований и экспертиз. Отмечается, что на практике следовать принципам научности при проведении религиоведческой экспертизы достаточно сложно, и на выводы экспертов зачастую влияют их субъективные взгляды и убеждения. Делается акцент на необходимости юридически проработать вопросы судебной религиоведческой экспертизы, чтобы она являлась действенным правовым инструментом защиты права на свободу совести и свободу вероисповедания, и, в то же время, способствовала законному пресечению противоправных действий религиозных объединений.

There is a review of extremism’s definitions by the legal and theological view point in this article. Also, there is an information about the problems of determining the theoretical and methodological foundations of prevention of extremism, problem of qualification’s religious extremism. In the context of the existing regulatory framework issues of the definition of extremism were raised. On the basic of analysis of the conceptual apparatus, the author's approach to the definition of extremism was formulated. The authors reveal the prerequisites of religious extremism and measures for its prevention. There are the other prerequisites of religious extremism described in this article including: contradictory nature of the texts considered sacred ones but they have contradictions since they don’t imagine realities of previous eras; particularities of a religious discourse admitted its religion as a true religion and other ones as false ones; an ethnic and religious self-identification leading to revival of religiosity’s archaic forms and nationalism; an arbitrary and tendentious interpretation of religious texts. In this article we used the materials of copyright religious studies and examinations carried out for the law enforcement bodies of the Far East of Russia.

The problems of civic rights to the freedom of conscience and the freedom of religion based on the recent examples of the Far-Eastern federal district are examined in this article. The tendency to progress of the Orthodoxy and inhibition of the non-Orthodox religious organizations is given. This factor contradicts to the constitutional norms of denominational equality before the Law. The article raises the problem of religious competence of lawyers.